Surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator

ABSTRACT

A surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator includes a piezoelectric layer disposed over a substrate, and a plurality of electrodes disposed over the first surface of the piezoelectric layer. A layer is disposed between the substrate and the piezoelectric layer. A surface of the layer has a smoothness sufficient to foster atomic bonding between layer and the substrate. A plurality of features provided on a surface of the piezoelectric layer reflects acoustic waves and reduces the incidence of spurious modes in the piezoelectric layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation-in-part under 37 C.F.R. § 1.53(b) of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 from, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/835,679 filed on Aug. 25, 2015, naming Stephen Roy Gilbert, et al. as inventors. The entire disclosure of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/835,679 is specifically incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Electrical resonators are widely incorporated in modern electronic devices. For example, in wireless communications devices, radio frequency (RF) and microwave frequency resonators are used in filters, such as filters having electrically connected series and shunt resonators forming ladder and lattice structures. The filters may be included in a duplexer (diplexer, triplexer, quadplexer, quintplexer, etc.) for example, connected between an antenna (there could be several antennas like for MIMO) and a transceiver for filtering received and transmitted signals.

Various types of filters use mechanical resonators, such as surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators. The resonators convert electrical signals to mechanical signals or vibrations, and/or mechanical signals or vibrations to electrical signals.

While certain surface modes are desired, certain standing spurious modes can exist between the opposing faces of the piezoelectric material of the SAW resonator. These spurious modes are parasitic, and can impact the performance of filters comprising SAW resonators.

What is needed, therefore, is a SAW resonator structure that overcomes at least the shortcomings of known SAW resonators described above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The example embodiments are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying drawing figures. It is emphasized that the various features are not necessarily drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions may be arbitrarily increased or decreased for clarity of discussion. Wherever applicable and practical, like reference numerals, refer to like elements.

FIG. 1A is a top view of a SAW resonator structure according to a representative embodiment.

FIG. 1B is a graph of admittance versus frequency.

FIG. 1C is the cross-sectional view of the SAW resonator structure of FIG. 1A along line 1C-1C.

FIG. 1D is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the SAW resonator structure of FIG. 1C.

FIG. 1E is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a SAW resonator structure in accordance with a representative embodiment.

FIG. 1F is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the SAW resonator structure of FIG. 1C.

FIG. 2 is a flow-chart of a method of fabricating a SAW resonator structure according to a representative embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic block diagram of a filter comprising a SAW resonator structure according to a representative embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, representative embodiments disclosing specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present teachings. However, it will be apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art having had the benefit of the present disclosure that other embodiments according to the present teachings that depart from the specific details disclosed herein remain within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, descriptions of well-known apparatuses and methods may be omitted so as to not obscure the description of the representative embodiments. Such methods and apparatuses are clearly within the scope of the present teachings.

It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for purposes of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. Any defined terms are in addition to the technical and scientific meanings of the defined terms as commonly understood and accepted in the technical field of the present teachings.

As used in the specification and appended claims, the terms ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ include both singular and plural referents, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, ‘a device’ includes one device and plural devices.

As used in the specification and appended claims, and in addition to their ordinary meanings, the terms ‘substantial’ or ‘substantially’ mean to with acceptable limits or degree. For example, ‘substantially cancelled’ means that one skilled in the art would consider the cancellation to be acceptable.

As used in the specification and the appended claims and in addition to its ordinary meaning, the term ‘approximately’ means to within an acceptable limit or amount to one having ordinary skill in the art. For example, ‘approximately the same’ means that one of ordinary skill in the art would consider the items being compared to be the same.

Relative terms, such as “above,” “below,” “top,” “bottom,” “upper” and “lower” may be used to describe the various elements' relationships to one another, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. These relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device and/or elements in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, if the device were inverted with respect to the view in the drawings, an element described as “above” another element, for example, would now be “below” that element. Similarly, if the device were rotated by 90° with respect to the view in the drawings, an element described “above” or “below” another element would now be “adjacent” to the other element; where “adjacent” means either abutting the other element, or having one or more layers, materials, structures, etc., between the elements.

In accordance with a representative embodiment, a SAW resonator structure comprises a substrate having a first surface and a second surface. A piezoelectric layer is disposed over the substrate. The piezoelectric layer has a first surface and a second surface. The second surface of the piezoelectric layer has a plurality of features. A plurality of electrodes is disposed over the first surface of the piezoelectric layer, and the plurality of electrodes is configured to generate surface acoustic waves in the piezoelectric layer. The SAW resonator structure also comprises a layer disposed between the first surface of the substrate and the second surface of the piezoelectric layer, the first surface of the layer having a smoothness sufficient to foster atomic bonding between the first surface of the layer and the second surface of the piezoelectric layer, wherein the plurality of features reflect acoustic waves back into the piezoelectric layer.

FIG. 1A is a top view of a SAW resonator structure 100 according to a representative embodiment. Notably, the SAW resonator structure 100 is intended to be merely illustrative of the type of device that can benefit from the present teachings. Other types of SAW resonators, including, but not limited to dual mode SAW (DMS) resonators, and structures therefor, are contemplated by the present teachings. The SAW resonator structure 100 of the present teachings is contemplated for a variety of applications. By way of example, and as described in connection with FIG. 3, a plurality of SAW resonator structures 100 can be connected in a series/shunt arrangement to provide a ladder filter.

The SAW resonator structure 100 comprises a piezoelectric layer 103 disposed over a substrate (not shown in FIG. 1A). In accordance with representative embodiments, the piezoelectric layer 103 comprises one of: lithium niobate (LiNbO₃), which is commonly abbreviated as LN; or lithium tantalate (LiTaO₃), which is commonly abbreviated as LT.

The SAW resonator structure 100 comprises an active region 101, which comprises a plurality of interdigitated electrodes 102 disposed over a piezoelectric layer 103, with acoustic reflectors 104 situated on either end of the active region 101. In the presently described representative embodiment, electrical connections are made to the SAW resonator structure 100 using the busbar structures 105.

As is known, the pitch of the resonator electrodes determines the resonance conditions, and therefore the operating frequency of the SAW resonator structure 100. Specifically, the interdigitated electrodes are arranged with a certain pitch between them, and a surface wave is excited most strongly when its wavelength λ is the same as the pitch of the electrodes. The equation f₀=v/λ describes the relation between the resonance frequency (f₀), which is generally the operating frequency of the SAW resonator structure 100, and the propagation velocity (v) of a surface wave. These SAW waves comprise Rayleigh or Leaky waves, as is known to one of ordinary skill in the art, and form the basis of function of the SAW resonator structure 100.

Generally, there is a desired fundamental mode, which is typically a Leaky mode, for the SAW resonator structure 100. By way of example, if the piezoelectric layer 103 is a 42° rotated LT, the shear horizontal mode will have a displacement in the plane of the interdigitated electrodes 102 (the x-y plane of the coordinate system of FIG. 1A). The displacement of this fundamental mode is substantially restricted to near the upper surface (first surface 110 as depicted in FIG. 1C) of the piezoelectric layer 103. It is emphasized that the 42° rotated LT piezoelectric layer 103, and the shear horizontal mode are merely illustrative of the piezoelectric layer 103 and desired fundamental mode, and other materials and desired fundamental modes are contemplated.

However, other undesired modes, which are often referred to as spurious modes, are established. Turning to FIG. 1B, a graph of admittance versus frequency is depicted for the illustrative 42° rotated LT piezoelectric layer 103. The desired fundamental mode, the shear horizontal mode 106, is substantially restricted to the upper surface of the piezoelectric layer 103, and has a frequency at series resonance (F_(s)). However, a number of spurious modes 107, having frequencies greater than the frequency at parallel resonance (F_(p)), can exist in the piezoelectric layer 103. As described more fully below, these spurious modes 107 are created by acoustic waves generated in the piezoelectric layer 103 that establish standing waves of various kinds of modes (with different modal shapes and frequencies). More specifically, these spurious modes 107 are created by reflections at the interface of the piezoelectric layer 103 and the layer (see FIG. 1C) between the piezoelectric layer 103 and the substrate (see FIG. 1C) of the SAW resonator structure 100.

The spurious modes can deleteriously impact the performance of SAW resonators, and devices (e.g., filters) that include SAW resonators, if not mitigated. Most notably, if a first filter is comprised of one or more SAW resonators, and is connected to a second filter having a passband that overlaps the frequency of the spurious modes, a sharp reduction in the quality (Q) of the second filter will occur. The spurious modes are observed on a so-called Q-circle of a Smith Chart of the S₁₁ parameter. These sharp reductions in Q-factor are known as “rattles,” and are strongest in the southeast quadrant of the Q-circle. Beneficially, significant mitigation of the adverse impact of these spurious modes is realized by the various aspects of the present teachings as described below.

FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view of the SAW resonator structure 100 depicted in FIG. 1A along the lines 1C-1C. The SAW resonator structure 100 comprises a substrate 108 disposed beneath the piezoelectric layer 103, and a layer 109 disposed between the substrate 108 and the piezoelectric layer 103.

As noted above, the piezoelectric layer 103 illustratively comprises one of LN or LT. Generally, in the representative embodiments described below, the piezoelectric layer 103 is a wafer that is previously fabricated, and that is adhered to the layer 109 by atomic bonding as described more fully below.

The materials selected for the piezoelectric layer 103 can be divided into two types: one which has been used for a long time and with a high degree of freedom in design is used for Rayleigh wave substrates; the other, with less freedom and limited in design, is for Leaky wave substrates with low loss characteristics and easily reaches the higher frequencies by high acoustic velocity, and is mainly used for mobile communications. LN and LT materials are often used for broadband filters, and according to the filter specifications, the manufacturing materials and cutting angles differ. Filters for applications that require comparatively low loss mainly generally require Leaky wave materials, while Rayleigh wave materials are predominately used for communication equipment that requires low ripple and low group delay characteristics. Among Rayleigh wave materials, ST-cut crystal has the best temperature characteristics as a piezoelectric material.

In accordance with a representative embodiment, the substrate 108 comprises crystalline silicon, which may be polycrystalline or monocrystalline, having a thickness of approximately 100.0 μm to approximately 800.0 μm. Other polycrystalline or monocrystalline materials besides silicon are contemplated for use as the substrate 108 of the SAW resonator structure 100. By way of example, these materials include, but are not limited to, glass, single crystal aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) (sometimes referred to as “sapphire”), and polycrystalline Al₂O₃, to name a few. In certain representative embodiments, in order to improve the performance of a filter comprising SAW resonator structure(s) 100, the substrate 108 may comprise a comparatively high-resistivity material. Illustratively, the substrate 108 may comprise single crystal silicon that is doped to a comparatively high resistivity.

The layer 109 is illustratively an oxide material, such as silicon dioxide (SiO₂), phosphosilicate glass (PSG), borosilicate glass (BSG), a thermally grown oxide, or other material amenable to polishing to a high degree of smoothness, as described more fully below. The layer 109 is deposited by a known method, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), or may be thermally grown. As described more fully below, the layer 109 is polished to a thickness in the range of approximately 0.05 μm to approximately 6.0 μm.

The piezoelectric layer 103 has a first surface 110, and a second surface 111, which opposes the first surface 110. The second surface 111 has a plurality of features 116 there-across. As noted above, undesired spurious modes are launched in the piezoelectric layer 103, and propagate down to the second surface 111. As described more fully below in connection with portion 118 in FIG. 1D, the plurality of features 116 reflect undesired spurious modes at various angles and over various distances to destructively interfere with the undesired spurious waves in the piezoelectric layer 103, and possibly enable a portion of these waves to be beneficially converted into desired SAW waves. Again as described more fully below, the reflections provided by the plurality of features 116 foster a reduction in the degree of spurious modes (i.e., standing waves), which are created by the reflection of acoustic waves at the interface of the second surface 111 of the piezoelectric layer 103 and the first surface 112 of layer 109. Ultimately, the reflections provided by the plurality of features 116 serve to improve the performance of devices (e.g., filters) that comprise a plurality of SAW resonator structures 100.

The substrate 108 has a first surface 114 and a second surface 115 opposing the first surface 114. In representative embodiments, the substrate 108 undergoes a chemical-mechanical polish (CMP) sequence to prepare the first surface to bond to the layer 109, as described below.

Layer 109 has a first surface 112 and a second surface 113. As noted above, and as described more fully below in connection with the description of portion 117 in FIG. 1F, the second surface 113 of layer 109 is polished, such as by chemical-mechanical polishing in order to obtain a “mirror” like finish with a comparatively low root-mean-square (RMS) variation of height. This low RMS variation of height significantly improves the contact area between the second surface 113 of the layer 109 and the first surface 114 of the substrate 108 to improve the atomic bonding between the first surface 114 and the second surface 113. As is known, the bond strength realized by atomic bonding is directly proportional to the contact area between two surfaces. As such, improving the flatness/smoothness of the second surface 113 fosters an increase in the contact area, thereby improving the bond of the layer 109 to the substrate 108. As used herein, the term “atomically smooth” means sufficiently smooth to provide sufficient contact area to provide a sufficiently strong bond strength between the layer 109 and the substrate 108, at the interface of their second and first surfaces 113, 114, respectively.

FIG. 1D is a cross-sectional view of a portion 118 of a SAW resonator structure 100 according to a representative embodiment. Portion 118 is depicted in FIG. 1D in magnified view to illustrate various aspects and functions of the plurality of features 116 of piezoelectric layer 103 along the interface of the first surface 112 of the layer 109 and the second surface 111 of the piezoelectric layer 103.

The shape, dimensions and spacing of the plurality of features 116 depends on their source (e.g., method of fabrication). In certain representative embodiments, the plurality of features 116 are provided by an unpolished wafer comprising the piezoelectric layer 103. In other representative embodiments, the plurality of features 116 are fabricated on the piezoelectric layer 103 using a known etching technique, and may have sides 121 with a slant that fosters diffusive reflection of spurious modes.

Notably, some of the plurality of features 116 may have comparatively “flat” bottoms 122. The plurality of features 116 also have a height 123 that may be substantially the same across the width of the interface between the substrate 108 and the layer 109. Additionally, the width (x-dimension in the coordinate system of FIG. 1C) of the plurality of features 116 may be the same, or may be different. Illustratively, the width of the plurality of features 116 is on the order of the desired fundamental mode of the SAW resonator structure 100.

Alternatively, and again depending on the source of the plurality of features 116 (i.e., unpolished wafer or the method of fabrication), the height 123 of the plurality of features 116 may not be the same. Rather, by having the height 123 of the plurality of features 116 not the same, a reduction in the incidence of more than one of the spurious modes can be realized.

The representative methods described presently for forming the plurality of features 116 are merely illustrative. Alternative methods, and thus alternative sizes and shapes of the plurality of features 116 are contemplated, and some are described below. Notably, regardless of the source of the plurality of features 116, which can be because of the unpolished wafer comprising the piezoelectric layer 103, or by a known etching technique, the plurality of features 116 are beneficially not arranged in a repetitive pattern, and thus are non-periodic. Rather, the plurality of features 116 are typically randomly located on the substrate 108, in order to avoid establishing conditions that would support standing waves (i.e., resonance conditions) in the piezoelectric layer 103, and thereby reduce the incidence of spurious modes in the piezoelectric layer 103.

The piezoelectric layer 103 is illustratively single-crystal material, or other material having crystalline properties. Like the teachings of the parent application, the present teachings make use of the etching properties of the piezoelectric layer 103 to realize the various characteristics of the plurality of features 116. However, and as described more fully below, while some etch selectivity to a specific crystalline plane is possible by etching the piezoelectric layer 103 according to the present teachings, this does not occur nearly to the degree as the etch selectivity realized in the etching of the substrate (e.g., silicon) described in the parent application. As such, while the plurality of features 116 are etched from the piezoelectric layer 103 to a desired height having sides 121 that are on a “slant” foster reflections at off-angles relative to the incident direction of the acoustic waves 124, the more defined shapes (e.g., pyramids) provided by the selective etching of silicon, for example, as described in the parent application, are less pronounced. However, and beneficially, the non-periodic nature of the plurality of features 116 of the roughened surface provided at the second surface 111 of the piezoelectric layer 103 does foster diffuse reflection of spurious waves as described more fully below.

Turning again to FIG. 1D, acoustic waves 124 are transmitted downwardly from the piezoelectric layer 103, having been generated by the SAW resonator structure 100. The acoustic waves 124 are incident on one or more of the plurality of features 116, and are reflected therefrom.

As noted above in connection with the description of FIG. 1B, there are multiple spurious modes, each having a different frequency and wavelength. In accordance with a representative embodiment, the height 123 of the plurality of features 116 off the substrate 108 is approximately one-fourth (¼) λ of one or more of the spurious modes. Selecting the height 123 of the plurality of features 116 to be approximately one-fourth (¼) λ of a particular spurious mode alters the phase of the reflected waves, and results in destructive interference by the reflected waves, and substantially prevents the establishment of standing waves, and thus spurious modes.

In some embodiments, the height 123 of the plurality of features 116 is substantially the same, and the height 123 is selected to be approximately one-fourth (¼) λ of one (e.g., a predominant) of the spurious modes. In other embodiments, the height 123 of the plurality of features 116 is not the same, but rather each different height is selected to be approximately equal to one-fourth (¼) λ of one of the multiple spurious modes (e.g., the spurious modes 107 depicted in FIG. 1B). By selecting this one height or multiple heights, the phase of the reflected waves is altered, and results in destructive interference by the reflected waves, thereby substantially preventing the establishment of standing waves of multiple frequencies, thus preventing the establishment of multiple spurious modes.

By way of example, if the spurious modes have a frequency of 700 MHz, the wavelength λ is approximately 6.0 μm. As such, the height 123 would be approximately 1.5 μm. By contrast, if the spurious modes have a frequency of 4200 MHz, the λ is approximately 1.0 μm. In this example, the height 123 would be approximately 0.25 μm. More generally, the height 123 is in the range of less than approximately 0.25 μm (e.g., 0.1 μm) to greater than approximately 1.5 μm (e.g., 2.5 μm). As will be appreciated, the range for the height 123 depends on the frequency of the fundamental mode.

The non-periodic orientation of the plurality of features 116, the generally, angled surfaces (e.g., side 121) provided by the plurality of features 116, and providing the height 123 of the plurality of features 116 to be in the noted range relative to the wavelength of the propagating spurious modes combine to alter the phase of the acoustic waves 124 incident on the various features. Beneficially, these factors in combination result in comparatively diffuse reflection of the acoustic waves 124 back through the piezoelectric layer 103. This comparatively diffuse reflection of the acoustic waves 124 from the plurality of features 116 will generally not foster constructive interference, and the establishment of resonance conditions. Accordingly, the plurality of features 116 generally prevent the above-noted parasitic acoustic standing waves (i.e., spurious modes) from being established from the acoustic waves 124 generated in the piezoelectric layer 103, which travel down and into the substrate 108.

One measure of the impact of the parasitic spurious modes on the performance of a device (e.g., filter) comprising a SAW resonator is the quality (Q) factor. For example, the parasitic spurious modes couple at the interfaces of the piezoelectric layer 103 and remove energy available for the desired SAW modes and thereby reduce the Q-factor of the resonator device. As is known, the Q-circle of a Smith Chart has a value of unity along its circumferences. The degree of energy loss (and therefore reduction in Q) is depicted with the reduction of the S₁₁ parameter off the unit circle. Notably, as a result of parasitic spurious modes and other acoustic losses, sharp reductions in Q of known devices can be observed on a so-called Q-circle of a Smith Chart of the S₁₁ parameter. These sharp reductions in Q-factor are known as “rattles” and are strongest in the southeast quadrant of the Q-circle. Beneficially, because of the diffuse reflections, and attendant phase mismatch of the reflected acoustic waves 124 realized by the plurality of features 116, compared to such known devices, a filter comprising SAW resonator structure 100 of representative embodiments of the present teachings, shows lesser magnitudes of the “rattles” and a somewhat “spreading” of the reduced “rattles” is experienced.

As noted above, the plurality of features 116 may be formed by etching the piezoelectric layer 103. In one embodiment, the piezoelectric layer 103 is substantially monocrystalline LT or LN that is etched using known wet or dry etching techniques. By way of example, an etch-resistant mask is selectively provided over the piezoelectric layer 103 and a wet etch is carried out, achieving some degree of selectivity. Illustratively, an etch resistant mask is patterned, and etching is effected by the use of an anisotropic etchant such as hydrofluoric acid (HF), or a mixture of HF and HNO₃. As noted above, the etching sequence used to form the plurality of features 116 in the piezoelectric layer 103 will result in the plurality of features 116 being less defined than, for example, the pyramids formed in the substrate as described in the parent application, but nonetheless defined enough to reveal sides 121 with slants and flat bottoms 122 as depicted in FIGS. 1D and 1E. Moreover, the depth of the etch, and therefore the height 123 of the plurality of features 116, is, of course, controlled by the duration of the etch. Therefore, the magnitude of the height 123 is beneficially well-controlled.

In one representative method, the etch mask is patterned to provide “dots” in rather random locations over the second surface 111 of the piezoelectric layer 103. Illustratively, the “dots” are resistant to a dry-etchant used in a dry-etching technique, such as an inductively-coupled plasma etching technique, known to one of ordinary skill in the art. After etching, these “dots” are removed, and show the flat bottoms 122 of certain ones of the plurality of features 116. The spacing of the “dots” and the duration of the etch determines the depth of each etch, and therefore, the height 123 of the resultant plurality of features 116.

Again, the use of monocrystalline LT or LN for the piezoelectric layer 103 is merely illustrative, and other materials can be processed to provide the plurality of features 116 described above.

In other representative embodiments, the plurality of features 116 has random spacing, or random orientation, or random heights, or a combination thereof. The random aspect of the orientation of the plurality of features 116 can result from a fabrication step, or from the unpolished wafer comprising the piezoelectric layer 103. As can be appreciated, such random spacings, orientations and heights, alone or in combination can foster comparatively diffuse reflection of the acoustic waves 124 incident thereon. This diffuse reflection, in turn, alters the phase of the acoustic waves 124, and serves to reduce the propensity of standing waves (and thus spurious modes) from being established.

The random spacing, orientation, and heights of the plurality of features 116 can be effected by a number of methods. For example, the plurality of features 116 may be provided by simply using an unpolished wafer comprising the piezoelectric layer 103. Alternatively, the second surface 111 of the piezoelectric layer 103 could be rough polished by CMP, for example, or grinded, or otherwise etched in a random manner. While the plurality of features 116 of such an embodiment would likely not have the height relative to the wavelength of the spurious modes, the random nature of such an unpolished surface would likely provide a useful degree of diffusive reflection to avoid the establishment of a resonant condition for the spurious modes.

FIG. 1E is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a SAW resonator structure according to a representative embodiment. Many aspects and details of the various features and their methods of fabrication described in connection with the representative embodiments of FIG. 1E are common to those described above in connection with the representative embodiments of FIGS. 1A-1D. Such common aspects and details are often not repeated in order to avoid obscuring the description of the present representative embodiments.

Notably, the portion depicted in FIG. 1E is somewhat similar to portion 118 depicted in FIG. 1D, however differs in the depth of the polishing step of the second surface 113 of the layer 109 used to provide first surface 112 of layer 109. Specifically, rather than terminating the polishing of the second surface 113 of the layer 109 at a height significantly above the plurality of features 116, the polishing step continues and in places reveals the plurality of features 116. This polishing step thus provides, in places, comparatively “flat” bottoms 122. By contrast, in other places, the plurality of features 116 are not altered by the polishing.

Like the plurality of features 116 depicted in FIG. 1D, the plurality of features 116 of the representative embodiments of FIG. 1E are formed by processing piezoelectric layer 103 by one of a number of methods, such as described above, or by providing an unpolished wafer comprising the piezoelectric layer 103. As noted above, using a known etching method for their formation, the resultant plurality of features 116 may have sides 121 that are on a “slant,” and foster reflections at off-angles relative to the incident direction of the acoustic waves 124. Similarly, like the plurality of features 116 of FIG. 1D, the height 123 of the plurality of features 116 of the representative embodiments of FIG. 1E is approximately one-fourth (¼) λ of one or more of the spurious modes. Selecting the height 123 of the plurality of features 116 to be approximately one-fourth (¼) λ of a particular spurious mode alters the phase of the reflected waves, and results in destructive interference by the reflected waves, and substantially prevents the establishment of standing waves, and thus spurious modes.

In some embodiments, the height 123 of the plurality of features 116 is substantially the same, and thus the height 123 is selected to be approximately one-fourth (¼) λ of one (e.g., a predominant) spurious mode. In other embodiments, the height 123 of the plurality of features 116 is not the same, but rather each different height is selected to be approximately equal to one-fourth (¼) λ of one of the multiple spurious modes (e.g., one of the spurious modes 107 depicted in FIG. 1B). By selecting such multiple heights, the phase of the reflected waves is altered, which results in destructive interference by the reflected waves, thereby substantially preventing the establishment of standing waves of multiple frequencies, thus preventing the establishment of multiple spurious modes.

In other representative embodiments, the plurality of features 116 have random spacing, or random orientation, or random heights, or a combination thereof. As can be appreciated, such random spacings, orientations and heights, alone or in combination can foster comparatively diffuse reflection of the acoustic waves 124 incident thereon. This diffuse reflection, in turn, alters the phase of the acoustic waves 124, and serves to reduce the propensity of standing waves (and thus spurious modes) from being established.

The random spacing, orientation, and heights of the plurality of features 116 can be effected by a number of methods. For example, the plurality of features 116 may be provided by simply using an unpolished wafer for piezoelectric layer 103. Alternatively, the second surface 111 of the piezoelectric layer 103 could be rough polished by CMP, for example. While the plurality of features 116 of such an embodiment would likely not have the height relative to the wavelength of the spurious modes, the random nature of such an unpolished surface would likely provide a useful degree of diffusive reflection to avoid the establishment of a resonant condition for the spurious modes.

FIG. 1F is a cross-sectional view of a portion 117 of SAW resonator structure 100 according to a representative embodiment. Portion 117 is depicted in FIG. 1F in magnified view to illustrate various aspects and functions of the layer 109 along the interface of the layer 109 and the substrate 108.

In a representative embodiment, the layer 109 is PSG, which is deposited over the piezoelectric layer 103. Illustratively, the PSG is deposited at a temperature of approximately 450° C., using silane and P₂O₅ sources to form a soft glass like material which is approximately 8% phosphorous. This low temperature process is well known to those skilled in the art, and hence, will not be discussed in detail here.

Unfortunately, at the atomic level the surfaces of such deposited films are atomically very rough. However, the second surface 113 of layer 109 (e.g., PSG) can be polished by a known method to provide an atomically smooth surface. The surface of the layer 109 is first planarized by polishing with a slurry, using a known CMP method. The remaining PSG can then be polished using a more refined slurry. Alternatively, a single more refined slurry can be used for both polishing steps if the additional polishing time is not objectionable. As noted above, the goal is to create a “mirror” like finish that is atomically smooth in order to foster strong atomic bonding between the layer 109 and the substrate 108, at the interface of their second and first surfaces 113, 114 respectively. Further details of the polishing sequence can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,818 and U.S. Patent Application Publication 20050088257, to Ruby, et al. The entire disclosures of U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,818, and U.S. Patent Application Publication 20050088257 are specifically incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 1F depicts four “humps” 125 in the layer 109 after the completion of the cleaning of the wafer to remove remnants of the CMP process, as described, for example, in above-incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,818 and U.S. Patent Application Publication 20050088257, to Ruby, et al. The “humps” 125 depict variation in the second surface 113 of the layer 109. The first hump has a first height, H₁, the second hump has a second height, H₂, the third hump has a third height, H₃, and the fourth hump has a fourth height, H₄. For the purposes of illustration, only four humps 125 are shown. The root mean squared (RMS) variation in the height of the second surface 113 of the layer 109 comprised of the four humps 125 depicted is less than approximately 5.0 Å. As noted above, the term “atomically smooth” herein means sufficiently smooth to provide sufficient contact area to provide a sufficiently strong bond strength between the layer 109 and the substrate 108, at the interface of their second and first surfaces 113, 114, respectively. Such an atomically smooth surface can be realized by providing the second surface 113 of layer 109 having an RMS variation in height of in the range of approximately 0.1 Å to approximately 10.0 Å; although beneficially, the RMS variation in height is less than approximately 5.0 Å.

As noted above, the forming of an atomically smooth second surface 113 provides an increased contact area at the interface of the second and first surfaces 113, 114, respectively, of the layer 109 and the substrate 108. This increased contact area, in turn, fosters a comparatively strong atomic bond between the layer 109 and the substrate 108. Among other benefits, the strong atomic bond between the layer 109 and the substrate 108 reduces separation or delamination of the layer 109 and the substrate 108, thereby increasing the reliability of devices comprising the SAW resonator structure 100 over time.

FIG. 2 is a flow-chart of a method 200 of fabricating a SAW resonator structure according to a representative embodiment. Many aspects and details of the method, including illustrative materials, processes, and dimensions are common to those described above. These aspects and details may not be repeated to avoid obscuring the presently described representative embodiment.

At 201, the method begins with providing a piezoelectric layer having a first surface and a second surface. As noted above, among other materials, the piezoelectric layer (e.g., piezoelectric layer 103) may be monocrystalline LT or LN.

At 202, a plurality of features (e.g., plurality of features 116) are etched into the piezoelectric layer 103.

At 203, a layer is provided over a second surface of the piezoelectric layer, which comprises the plurality of features. As noted above, the layer (e.g., layer 109) may be an oxide (glass), such as SiO₂ or PSG.

At 204, a second surface (e.g., 113) of the layer is polished to provide a comparatively smooth second surface. As noted above a CMP method may be used to provide a first surface that is atomically smooth to foster a strong atomic bond between the layer (e.g. layer 109) and the substrate (e.g. substrate 108).

At 205, the method comprises atomically bonding the layer to the first surface of the substrate. Notably, this bonding comprises contacting the substrate (e.g., substrate 108) with the layer (e.g., layer 109) that has been polished to an atomically smooth degree.

As noted above, when connected in a selected topology, a plurality of SAW resonators can function as an electrical filter. FIG. 3 shows a simplified schematic block diagram of an electrical filter 300 in accordance with a representative embodiment. The electrical filter 300 comprises series SAW resonators 301 and shunt SAW resonators 302. The series SAW resonators 301 and shunt SAW resonators 302 may each comprise SAW resonator structures 100 described in connection with the representative embodiments of FIGS. 1A-2. As can be appreciated, the SAW resonator structures (e.g., a plurality of SAW resonator structures 100) that comprise the electrical filter 300 may be provided over a common substrate (e.g., substrate 108), or may be a number of individual SAW resonator structures (e.g., SAW resonator structures 100) disposed over more than one substrate (e.g., more than one substrate 108). The electrical filter 300 is commonly referred to as a ladder filter, and may be used for example in duplexer applications. It is emphasized that the topology of the electrical filter 300 is merely illustrative and other topologies are contemplated. Moreover, the acoustic resonators of the representative embodiments are contemplated in a variety of applications including, but not limited to duplexers.

The various components, materials, structures and parameters are included by way of illustration and example only and not in any limiting sense. In view of this disclosure, those skilled in the art can implement the present teachings in determining their own applications and needed components, materials, structures and equipment to implement these applications, while remaining within the scope of the appended claims. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter comprising a plurality of SAW resonator structures, one or more of the plurality of SAW resonator structures comprising: a polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate having a first surface and a second surface; a piezoelectric layer disposed over the polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate, the piezoelectric layer having a first surface, and a second surface comprising a plurality of features, wherein at least some of the plurality of features have a height of approximately one-fourth of a wavelength (¼ λ) of a spurious mode; a plurality of electrodes disposed over the first surface of the piezoelectric layer, the plurality of electrodes configured to generate surface acoustic waves in the piezoelectric layer; and an oxide layer disposed between the first surface of the polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate and the second surface of the piezoelectric layer, a second surface of the oxide layer being atomically smooth to foster atomic bonding between a second surface of the oxide layer and the first surface of the polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate, wherein at least some of the plurality of features have a height in a range of approximately 0.1 μm to approximately 2.50 μm, and the plurality of features reflect acoustic waves and reduce an incidence of a plurality of spurious modes in the piezoelectric layer.
 2. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least some of the plurality of features in the second surface of the piezoelectric layer have substantially slanted sides.
 3. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of features are substantially not in a regular pattern.
 4. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the SAW filter is a ladder filter, comprising the plurality of SAW resonators structures.
 5. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxide layer comprises silicon dioxide (SiO₂).
 6. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 1, wherein two or more of the plurality of SAW resonator structures are configured in a series and shunt configuration.
 7. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxide layer comprises phosphosilicate glass (PSG).
 8. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 1, wherein the oxide layer comprises borosilicate glass (BSG).
 9. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator structure, comprising: a polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate having a first surface and a second surface; a piezoelectric layer disposed over the polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate, the piezoelectric layer having a first surface, and a second surface comprising a plurality of features, wherein the plurality of features in the second surface of the piezoelectric layer are substantially pyramidal in shape; a plurality of electrodes disposed over the first surface of the piezoelectric layer, the plurality of electrodes configured to generate surface acoustic waves in the piezoelectric layer; and an oxide layer disposed between the first surface of the polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate and the second surface of the piezoelectric layer, a second surface of the oxide layer being atomically smooth to foster atomic bonding between the second surface of the oxide layer and the first surface of the polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate, wherein the plurality of features each have a height of approximately one-fourth of a wavelength (¼ λ) of a spurious mode, and the plurality of features reflect acoustic waves and reduce an incidence of a plurality of spurious modes in the piezoelectric layer.
 10. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein the oxide layer comprises silicon dioxide (SiO₂).
 11. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein the acoustic waves reflected from the plurality of features destructively interfere with acoustic waves in the piezoelectric layer.
 12. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein each of the plurality of features have a height in a range of approximately 0.25 μm to approximately 1.5 μm.
 13. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 9, wherein each of the plurality of features have a height in a range of approximately 0.1 μm to approximately 2.50 μm.
 14. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter comprising a plurality of SAW resonator structures, one or more of the plurality of SAW resonator structures comprising: a polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate having a first surface and a second surface; a piezoelectric layer disposed over the polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate, the piezoelectric layer having a first surface, and a second surface comprising a plurality of features, wherein at least some of the plurality of features have a height of approximately one-fourth of a wavelength (¼ λ) of a spurious mode; a plurality of electrodes disposed over the first surface of the piezoelectric layer, the plurality of electrodes configured to generate surface acoustic waves in the piezoelectric layer; and an oxide layer disposed between the first surface of the polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate and the second surface of the piezoelectric layer, a second surface of the oxide layer being atomically smooth to foster atomic bonding between a second surface of the oxide layer and the first surface of the polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate, wherein the at least some of the plurality of features have a height in a range of approximately 0.25 μm to approximately 1.5 μm, and the plurality of features reflect acoustic waves and reduce an incidence of a plurality of spurious modes in the piezoelectric layer.
 15. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 14, wherein at least some of the plurality of features in the second surface of the piezoelectric layer have substantially slanted sides.
 16. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 14, wherein the SAW filter is a ladder filter, comprising the plurality of SAW resonators structures.
 17. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 14, wherein the oxide layer comprises silicon dioxide (SiO₂).
 18. A SAW filter as claimed in claim 14, wherein two or more of the plurality of SAW resonator structures are configured in a series and shunt configuration.
 19. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator structure, comprising: a polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate having a first surface and a second surface; a piezoelectric layer disposed over the polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate, the piezoelectric layer having a first surface, and a second surface comprising a plurality of features, wherein the plurality of features in the second surface of the piezoelectric layer are substantially pyramidal in shape; a plurality of electrodes disposed over the first surface of the piezoelectric layer, the plurality of electrodes configured to generate surface acoustic waves in the piezoelectric layer; and an oxide layer disposed between the first surface of the polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate and the second surface of the piezoelectric layer, a second surface of the oxide layer being atomically smooth to foster atomic bonding between the second surface of the oxide layer and the first surface of the polycrystalline or monocrystalline silicon substrate, wherein: the plurality of features have a plurality of heights, the plurality of features reflect acoustic waves and reduce an incidence of a plurality of spurious modes in the piezoelectric layer, and each of the plurality of heights is in a range of approximately one-fourth of a wavelength (¼ λ) of one of a plurality of spurious modes.
 20. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 19, wherein the oxide layer comprises silicon dioxide (SiO₂).
 21. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 19, wherein the acoustic waves reflected from the plurality of features destructively interfere with acoustic waves in the piezoelectric layer.
 22. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 19, wherein the plurality of features are substantially not in a regular pattern.
 23. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of features have a height in a range of approximately 0.25 μm to approximately 1.5 μm.
 24. A SAW resonator structure as claimed in claim 19, wherein each of the plurality of features have a height in a range of approximately 0.1 μm to approximately 2.50 μm. 